Create option pricing engine structure, test architecture.

.gitea/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+name: C++ CI
+
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y cmake g++ libeigen3-dev
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: |
+          mkdir build
+          cd build
+          cmake ..
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: |
+          cd build
+          make -j
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: |
+          cd build
+          ctest --output-on-failure

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -8,3 +8,25 @@ find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED)
 
 add_subdirectory(src)
 
+# Testing
+enable_testing()
+
+include(FetchContent)
+
+FetchContent_Declare(
+        googletest
+        URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/tags/v1.14.0.zip
+        DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP TRUE
+)
+
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(googletest)
+
+add_executable(qengine_tests
+        tests/test_black_scholes.cpp
+        tests/stubs/FlatYieldCurve.cpp
+        tests/stubs/FlatVolatilitySurface.cpp
+        tests/stubs/FakeMarketData.cpp)
+
+target_link_libraries(qengine_tests qengine GTest::gtest_main)
+include(GoogleTest)
+gtest_discover_tests(qengine_tests)

src/BlackScholesProcess.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "BlackScholesProcess.hpp"
+
+double BlackScholesProcess::drift(double t, double s) {
+    double r = this->data().yield_curve().zeroRate(t);
+    return r * s;
+}
+
+double BlackScholesProcess::diffusion(double t, double s) {
+    double sigma = this->data().volatility_surface().sigma(s,t);
+    return sigma*s;
+}
+
+double BlackScholesProcess::step(double t, double s, double dt, double dW) {
+    double r = this->data().yield_curve().zeroRate(t);
+    double sigma = this->data().volatility_surface().sigma(s,t);
+    return s*exp((r-0.5*sigma*sigma)*dt + sigma*sqrt(dt)*dW);
+}
+
+

src/BlackScholesProcess.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_BLACKSCHOLESPROCESS_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_BLACKSCHOLESPROCESS_HPP
+#include "StochasticProcess.hpp"
+
+
+class BlackScholesProcess : public StochasticProcess{
+public:
+    BlackScholesProcess() = default;
+    BlackScholesProcess(std::unique_ptr<MarketData> data) : StochasticProcess(std::move(data)){}
+
+    double drift(double t, double s) override;
+
+    double diffusion(double t, double s) override;
+
+    double step(double t, double s, double dt, double dW) override;
+
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_BLACKSCHOLESPROCESS_HPP

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,32 @@
 add_library(qengine
-        models/black_scholes.cpp
+        Instrument.cpp
-        simulation/monte_carlo.cpp
+        Instrument.hpp
-        models/payoff.cpp
+        Payoff.cpp
-        main.cpp
+        Payoff.hpp
-        calibration/Stats.cpp
+        Option.cpp
-        calibration/Stats.hpp
+        Option.hpp
-        models/Model.cpp
+        PricingEngine.cpp
-        models/Model.hpp
+        PricingEngine.hpp
+        MonteCarloEngine.cpp
+        MonteCarloEngine.hpp
+        StochasticProcess.cpp
+        StochasticProcess.hpp
+        Exercise.cpp
+        Exercise.hpp
+        MarketData.cpp
+        MarketData.hpp
+        YieldCurve.cpp
+        YieldCurve.hpp
+        VolatilitySurface.cpp
+        VolatilitySurface.hpp
+        RandomGenerator.cpp
+        RandomGenerator.hpp
+        Statistics.cpp
+        Statistics.hpp
+        BlackScholesProcess.cpp
+        BlackScholesProcess.hpp
+
+
 )
 
 target_include_directories(qengine PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})

src/Exercise.cpp

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 // Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
 //
 
-#include "Model.hpp"
+#include "Exercise.hpp"

src/Exercise.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_EXERCISE_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_EXERCISE_HPP
+#include <vector>
+
+class Exercise {
+public:
+    Exercise() = default;
+    virtual ~Exercise() = default;
+    enum class Type {
+        European,
+        American,
+        Bermudan
+    };
+
+    virtual Type type() const = 0;
+protected:
+    std::vector<double> exercise_times_;
+
+};
+
+class EuropeanExercise : public Exercise {
+    EuropeanExercise() : type_(Type::European) {};
+    EuropeanExercise(double maturity) : type_(Type::European){
+        exercise_times_.push_back(maturity);
+    }
+    ~EuropeanExercise() override = default;
+    [[nodiscard]] Type type() const override {
+        return type_;
+    }
+private:
+    Type type_;
+};
+
+class AmericanExercise : public Exercise{
+    AmericanExercise() : type_(Type::American) {};
+    AmericanExercise(double maturity) : type_(Type::American) {
+        exercise_times_.push_back(0);
+        exercise_times_.push_back(maturity);
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] Type type() const override {
+        return type_;
+    }
+
+private:
+    Type type_;
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_EXERCISE_HPP

src/Instrument.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "Instrument.hpp"
+
+Instrument::Instrument(double maturity, std::unique_ptr<Payoff> payoff,
+    std::unique_ptr<PricingEngine> engine) : maturity_(maturity), payoff_(std::move(payoff)), engine_
+(std::move(engine)){
+}
+
+
+
+double Instrument::price() const {
+    return engine_->calculate(*this);
+}
+

src/Instrument.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_INSTRUMENT_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_INSTRUMENT_HPP
+#include "Payoff.hpp"
+#include "PricingEngine.hpp"
+#include <memory>
+
+class PricingEngine;
+
+class Instrument {
+public:
+    Instrument() = default;
+    Instrument(double maturity, std::unique_ptr<Payoff> payoff, std::unique_ptr<PricingEngine> engine);
+    double price() const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] double maturity() const {
+        return maturity_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Payoff& payoff() const {
+        return *payoff_;
+    }
+
+protected:
+    double maturity_;
+    std::unique_ptr<Payoff> payoff_;
+    std::unique_ptr<PricingEngine> engine_;
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_INSTRUMENT_HPP

src/MarketData.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "MarketData.hpp"
+
+double MarketData::spot() const { return spot_; }
+YieldCurve& MarketData::yield_curve() { return *yield_curve_; }
+VolatilitySurface& MarketData::volatility_surface() { return *volatility_surface_; }

src/MarketData.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_MARKETDATA_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_MARKETDATA_HPP
+#include "YieldCurve.hpp"
+#include "VolatilitySurface.hpp"
+#include <memory>
+
+class MarketData {
+public:
+    MarketData() = default;
+
+    MarketData(double spot, std::unique_ptr<YieldCurve> yield_curve,
+         std::unique_ptr<VolatilitySurface> volatility_surface)
+        : spot_(spot),
+          yield_curve_(std::move(yield_curve)),
+          volatility_surface_(std::move(volatility_surface)) {
+    }
+
+    double spot() const;
+    YieldCurve& yield_curve();
+    VolatilitySurface& volatility_surface();
+
+private:
+    double spot_;
+    std::unique_ptr<YieldCurve> yield_curve_;
+    std::unique_ptr<VolatilitySurface> volatility_surface_;
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_MARKETDATA_HPP

src/MonteCarloEngine.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "MonteCarloEngine.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+#include "Instrument.hpp"
+#include "Statistics.hpp"
+
+double MonteCarloEngine::calculate(const Instrument &instrument) const {
+    // parameters
+    double T = instrument.maturity();
+    double spot = process_->data().spot();
+    Statistics stats;
+
+    auto rNumbers = rng_->nextGaussianVector(numPaths_);
+    std::vector<double> payoffs(numPaths_);
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < numPaths_; ++i) {
+        double terminalPrice = process_->step(0.0,spot,T,rNumbers[i]);
+        double payoff = instrument.payoff()(terminalPrice);
+        stats.dump(payoff);
+    }
+    return stats.mean() * process_->data().yield_curve().discount(T);
+}

src/MonteCarloEngine.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_MONTECARLOENGINE_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_MONTECARLOENGINE_HPP
+#include "PricingEngine.hpp"
+#include "RandomGenerator.hpp"
+
+
+class MonteCarloEngine : public PricingEngine{
+public:
+    MonteCarloEngine() = default;
+    MonteCarloEngine(int numPaths, std::unique_ptr<StochasticProcess> process, std::shared_ptr<RandomGenerator> rng):
+    numPaths_(numPaths), PricingEngine(std::move(process)), rng_(std::move(rng)) {}
+    double calculate(const Instrument& instrument) const override;
+private:
+    int numPaths_;
+    std::shared_ptr<RandomGenerator> rng_;
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_MONTECARLOENGINE_HPP

src/Option.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "Option.hpp"
+
+Option::Option(double maturity, std::unique_ptr<Exercise> exercise, std::unique_ptr<Payoff> payoff,
+    std::unique_ptr<PricingEngine> engine) : Instrument(maturity, std::move(payoff),
+        std::move(engine)), exercise_(std::move(exercise)){
+}

src/Option.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_OPTION_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_OPTION_HPP
+#include "Instrument.hpp"
+#include "Exercise.hpp"
+
+class Option : public Instrument{
+public:
+    Option() = default;
+    virtual ~Option() = default;
+    Option(double maturity, std::unique_ptr<Exercise> exercise,
+        std::unique_ptr<Payoff> payoff, std::unique_ptr<PricingEngine> engine);
+    [[nodiscard]] Exercise& exercise() const {
+        return *exercise_;
+    }
+
+protected:
+    std::unique_ptr<Exercise> exercise_;
+};
+
+class VanillaOption : public Option {
+public:
+    using Option::Option;
+};
+
+
+
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_OPTION_HPP

src/Payoff.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "Payoff.hpp"
+#include <algorithm>
+
+double CallPayoff::operator()(double S) {
+    return std::max(0., S - strike_);
+}
+
+double PutPayoff::operator()(double S) {
+    return std::max(0., strike_ - S);
+}
+
+double DigitalPayoff::operator()(double S) {
+    return S > strike_ ? 1. : 0.;
+}

src/Payoff.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_PAYOFF_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_PAYOFF_HPP
+
+
+class Payoff {
+public:
+
+
+    Payoff() = default;
+    virtual ~Payoff() = default;
+    virtual double operator()(double S) = 0;
+    virtual double strike() = 0;
+};
+
+class CallPayoff : public Payoff {
+public:
+    CallPayoff() = default;
+    CallPayoff(double strike) : strike_(strike) {}
+    double operator()(double S) override;
+    double strike() override {return strike_;}
+
+private:
+    double strike_;
+};
+
+class PutPayoff : public Payoff {
+public:
+    PutPayoff() = default;
+    PutPayoff(double strike) : strike_(strike) {}
+    double operator()(double S) override;
+    double strike() override {return strike_;}
+private:
+    double strike_;
+};
+
+class DigitalPayoff : public Payoff {
+    public:
+    DigitalPayoff() = default;
+    DigitalPayoff(double strike) : strike_(strike) {}
+    double operator()(double S) override;
+    double strike() override {return strike_;}
+private:
+    double strike_;
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_PAYOFF_HPP

src/PricingEngine.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "PricingEngine.hpp"

src/PricingEngine.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_PRICINGENGINE_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_PRICINGENGINE_HPP
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "StochasticProcess.hpp"
+
+class Instrument;
+
+class PricingEngine {
+public:
+    PricingEngine() = default;
+    PricingEngine(std::unique_ptr<StochasticProcess> process) : process_(std::move(process)){}
+
+    virtual ~PricingEngine() = default;
+    virtual double calculate(const Instrument& instrument) const = 0;
+protected:
+    std::unique_ptr<StochasticProcess> process_;
+
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_PRICINGENGINE_HPP

src/RandomGenerator.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "RandomGenerator.hpp"
+
+
+double MersenneTwister::nextGaussian() {
+    return distr_(generator_);
+}
+
+std::vector<double> MersenneTwister::nextGaussianVector(std::size_t n) {
+    std::vector<double> v(n);
+    for (auto& e : v) {
+        e = nextGaussian();
+    }
+    return v;
+}

src/RandomGenerator.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_RANDOMGENERATOR_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_RANDOMGENERATOR_HPP
+#include <random>
+
+class RandomGenerator {
+public:
+    RandomGenerator() = default;
+    virtual ~RandomGenerator() = default;
+    virtual double nextGaussian() = 0;
+    virtual std::vector<double> nextGaussianVector(std::size_t n) = 0;
+};
+
+class MersenneTwister : public RandomGenerator {
+public:
+    MersenneTwister() = default;
+    double nextGaussian() override;
+    std::vector<double> nextGaussianVector(std::size_t n) override;
+private:
+    std::mt19937 generator_;
+    std::normal_distribution<> distr_ {0.0, 1.0};
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_RANDOMGENERATOR_HPP

src/Statistics.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "Statistics.hpp"
+
+void Statistics::dump(double value) {
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        moments_[i] += std::pow(value, i+1);
+    }
+    ++n;
+    max_ = std::max(max_, value);
+    min_ = std::min(min_, value);
+}
+
+void Statistics::clear() {
+    n = 0;
+    moments_ = {0.,0.,0.};
+}
+
+double Statistics::mean() {
+    return moments_[0]/n;
+}
+
+double Statistics::variance() {
+    return moments_[1]/n - std::pow(mean(), 2);
+}
+
+double Statistics::standardDeviation() {
+    return std::sqrt(variance());
+}
+
+double Statistics::skewness() {
+    return moments_[2]/std::pow(n, 3);
+}
+
+
+double Statistics::max() {
+    return max_;
+}
+
+double Statistics::min() {
+    return min_;
+}
+
+double Statistics::sum() {
+    return moments_[0];
+}
+
+double Statistics::count() {
+    return n;
+}

src/Statistics.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_STATISTICS_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_STATISTICS_HPP
+#include <vector>
+
+
+class Statistics {
+public:
+    Statistics() : moments_({0., 0., 0.}), max_(0.), min_(0.) {}
+    void dump(double value);
+    void clear();
+    double mean();
+    double variance();
+    double standardDeviation();
+    double skewness();
+    double max();
+    double min();
+    double sum();
+    double count();
+private:
+    std::vector<double> moments_;
+    std::size_t n;
+    double max_, min_;
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_STATISTICS_HPP

src/StochasticProcess.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "StochasticProcess.hpp"

src/StochasticProcess.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_STOCHASTICPROCESS_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_STOCHASTICPROCESS_HPP
+#include "MarketData.hpp"
+#include <memory>
+
+class StochasticProcess {
+public:
+    StochasticProcess() = default;
+    StochasticProcess(std::unique_ptr<MarketData> data) : data_(std::move(data)){}
+
+    virtual ~StochasticProcess() = default;
+    virtual double drift(double t, double s) = 0;
+    virtual double diffusion(double t, double s) = 0;
+    virtual double step(double t, double s, double dt, double dW) = 0;
+    MarketData& data() const {return *data_;}
+
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<MarketData> data_;
+
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_STOCHASTICPROCESS_HPP

src/VolatilitySurface.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "VolatilitySurface.hpp"

src/VolatilitySurface.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_VOLATILITYSURFACE_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_VOLATILITYSURFACE_HPP
+
+
+class VolatilitySurface {
+public:
+    virtual ~VolatilitySurface() = default;
+    virtual double sigma(double K, double T) = 0;
+private:
+
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_VOLATILITYSURFACE_HPP

src/YieldCurve.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include "YieldCurve.hpp"

src/YieldCurve.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_YIELDCURVE_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_YIELDCURVE_HPP
+
+
+class YieldCurve {
+public:
+    YieldCurve() = default;
+
+    YieldCurve(const YieldCurve &other) {
+    }
+
+    YieldCurve(YieldCurve &&other) noexcept {
+    }
+
+    YieldCurve & operator=(const YieldCurve &other) {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    YieldCurve & operator=(YieldCurve &&other) noexcept {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    virtual ~YieldCurve() = default;
+    virtual double discount(double t) = 0;
+    virtual double zeroRate(double t) = 0;
+
+};
+
+
+#endif //QUANTENGINE_YIELDCURVE_HPP

src/calibration/Stats.cpp

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 04.03.2026.
-//
-
-#include "Stats.hpp"
-#include <cmath>
-
-void Stats::update(double x) {
-    running_sum_ += x;
-    running_square_sum_ += x * x;
-    n_++;
-
-}
-
-double Stats::mean() const {
-    return running_sum_ / n_;
-}
-
-double Stats::square_mean() const {
-    return running_square_sum_ / n_;
-}
-
-double Stats::variance() const {
-    double mean = this->mean();
-    double square_mean = this->square_mean();
-    return square_mean * square_mean - mean * mean;
-
-}
-
-double Stats::std_error() const {
-    return std::sqrt(variance()/n_);
-}
-
-std::pair<double, double> Stats::CI() const {
-    return std::make_pair(running_sum_ - 1.96 * std_error(), running_sum_ + 1.96 * std_error());
-}

src/calibration/Stats.hpp

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 04.03.2026.
-//
-
-#ifndef QUANTENGINE_STATS_HPP
-#define QUANTENGINE_STATS_HPP
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <utility>
-
-class Stats {
-private:
-    size_t n_ = 0;
-    double running_sum_ = 0.0;
-    double running_square_sum_ = 0.0;
-
-public:
-    Stats() = delete;
-    void update(double x);
-    double mean() const;
-    double square_mean() const;
-    double variance() const;
-    double std_error() const;
-    std::pair<double, double> CI() const; // alpha = 5%
-
-};
-
-
-#endif //QUANTENGINE_STATS_HPP

src/main.cpp

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 03.03.2026.
-//
-
-#include "models/black_scholes.hpp"
-#include "simulation/monte_carlo.hpp"
-#include "models/payoff.hpp"
-#include <iostream>
-
-int main() {
-
-    BlackScholes model(100.0, 0.05, 0.2, 1.0);
-    CallPayoff payoff(100.0);
-
-    MonteCarloEngine mc;
-
-    double price = mc.price(model, payoff, 1000000);
-
-    std::cout << "MC Price: " << price << std::endl;
-
-    return 0;
-}

src/models/Model.hpp

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 05.03.2026.
-//
-
-#ifndef QUANTENGINE_MODEL_HPP
-#define QUANTENGINE_MODEL_HPP
-
-
-class Model {
-public:
-    Model() = default;
-    virtual ~Model() = 0;
-    [[nodiscard]] virtual double terminal_price(double Z) const = 0;
-    [[nodiscard]] virtual double discount() const = 0;
-};
-
-
-#endif //QUANTENGINE_MODEL_HPP

src/models/black_scholes.cpp

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 03.03.2026.
-//
-
-#include "black_scholes.hpp"

src/models/black_scholes.hpp

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 03.03.2026.
-//
-
-#ifndef OPTION_PRICING_BLACK_SCHOLES_HPP
-#define OPTION_PRICING_BLACK_SCHOLES_HPP
-
-#include <cmath>
-#include "Model.hpp"
-
-class BlackScholes : public Model{
-public:
-    BlackScholes(double S0, double r, double sigma, double T)
-        : Model(), S0_(S0), r_(r), sigma_(sigma), T_(T) {
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] double terminal_price(double Z) const override{
-        return S0_ * std::exp(
-            (r_ - 0.5 * sigma_ * sigma_) * T_
-            + sigma_ * std::sqrt(T_) * Z
-        );
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] double discount() const override{
-        return std::exp(-r_ * T_);
-    }
-
-private:
-    double S0_, r_, sigma_, T_;
-};
-
-#endif //OPTION_PRICING_BLACK_SCHOLES_HPP

src/models/payoff.cpp

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 03.03.2026.
-//
-
-#include "payoff.hpp"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-
-double CallPayoff::operator()(double ST) const {
-    return std::max(ST - K_, 0.0);
-}

src/models/payoff.hpp

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 03.03.2026.
-//
-
-#ifndef OPTION_PRICING_PAYOFF_HPP
-#define OPTION_PRICING_PAYOFF_HPP
-class Payoff {
-public:
-    virtual double operator()(double ST) const = 0;
-    virtual ~Payoff() = default;
-};
-
-class CallPayoff : public Payoff {
-public:
-    CallPayoff(double K) : K_(K) {}
-
-    double operator()(double ST) const override;
-private:
-    double K_;
-};
-#endif //OPTION_PRICING_PAYOFF_HPP

src/simulation/monte_carlo.cpp

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 03.03.2026.
-//
-
-#include "monte_carlo.hpp"

src/simulation/monte_carlo.hpp

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by David Doebel  on 03.03.2026.
-//
-
-#ifndef OPTION_PRICING_MONTE_CARLO_HPP
-#define OPTION_PRICING_MONTE_CARLO_HPP
-#pragma once
-#include <random>
-#include <vector>
-
-class MonteCarloEngine {
-public:
-    MonteCarloEngine(unsigned long seed = 42)
-        : gen_(seed), dist_(0.0, 1.0) {}
-
-    template<typename Model, typename Payoff>
-    double price(const Model& model,
-                 const Payoff& payoff,
-                 std::size_t N) {
-
-        double sum = 0.0;
-
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
-            double Z = dist_(gen_);
-            double ST = model.terminal_price(Z);
-            sum += payoff(ST);
-        }
-
-        return model.discount() * sum / N;
-    }
-
-private:
-    std::mt19937_64 gen_;
-    std::normal_distribution<> dist_;
-};
-#endif //OPTION_PRICING_MONTE_CARLO_HPP

tests/stubs/FakeMarketData.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Minimal TU to satisfy CMake for test stubs
+#include "FakeMarketData.hpp"

tests/stubs/FakeMarketData.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 07.03.2026.
+//
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_FAKEMARKETDATA_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_FAKEMARKETDATA_HPP
+#include "MarketData.hpp"
+#include "FlatYieldCurve.hpp"
+#include "FlatVolatilitySurface.hpp"
+
+class FakeMarketData : public MarketData {
+public:
+    FakeMarketData() = default;
+
+    FakeMarketData(const FakeMarketData &other)
+         {
+    }
+
+    FakeMarketData(FakeMarketData &&other) noexcept
+        {
+    }
+
+    FakeMarketData & operator=(const FakeMarketData &other) {
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    FakeMarketData & operator=(FakeMarketData &&other) noexcept {
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    double spot() const {return 100.0;}
+    YieldCurve& yield_curve(){return *yieldCurve_; };
+    VolatilitySurface& volatility_surface(){return *volatilitySurface_; };
+
+private:
+    std::unique_ptr<FlatYieldCurve> yieldCurve_ = std::make_unique<FlatYieldCurve>();
+    std::unique_ptr<FlatVolatilitySurface> volatilitySurface_ = std::make_unique<FlatVolatilitySurface>();
+};
+#endif

tests/stubs/FlatVolatilitySurface.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Minimal TU to satisfy CMake for test stubs
+#include "FlatVolatilitySurface.hpp"

tests/stubs/FlatVolatilitySurface.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 07.03.2026.
+//
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_FLATVOLATILITYSURFACE_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_FLATVOLATILITYSURFACE_HPP
+#include "VolatilitySurface.hpp"
+
+class FlatVolatilitySurface : public VolatilitySurface {
+    double sigma(double K, double T) {return 0.2;}
+};
+#endif

tests/stubs/FlatYieldCurve.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Minimal TU to satisfy CMake for test stubs
+#include "FlatYieldCurve.hpp"

tests/stubs/FlatYieldCurve.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 07.03.2026.
+//
+#ifndef QUANTENGINE_FLATYIELDCURVE_HPP
+#define QUANTENGINE_FLATYIELDCURVE_HPP
+#include "YieldCurve.hpp"
+#include <cmath>
+
+class FlatYieldCurve : public YieldCurve{
+
+    double discount(double t) override {return std::exp(-rate_ * t); };
+    double zeroRate(double t) override {return rate_; }
+private:
+    double rate_ = 0.01;
+};
+#endif

tests/test_black_scholes.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//
+// Created by David Doebel  on 06.03.2026.
+//
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include "BlackScholesProcess.hpp"
+#include "MonteCarloEngine.hpp"
+#include "Instrument.hpp"
+#include "Option.hpp"
+#include "Payoff.hpp"
+
+#include "stubs/FlatYieldCurve.hpp"
+#include "stubs/FlatVolatilitySurface.hpp"
+#include "stubs/FakeMarketData.hpp"
+
+TEST(BlackScholesProcess, ExpectedValue) {
+    // Market setup (via test stubs): S0=100, r=1%, sigma=20%
+    const double K = 100.0;
+    const double T = 1.0;
+    const int numPaths = 300000; // enough for stable MC estimate
+
+    // Build Black-Scholes process with fake flat market data
+    auto processCall = std::make_unique<BlackScholesProcess>(std::make_unique<FakeMarketData>());
+    auto processPut  = std::make_unique<BlackScholesProcess>(std::make_unique<FakeMarketData>());
+
+    // RNG shared between engines is fine
+    auto rng = std::make_shared<MersenneTwister>();
+
+    // Pricing engines
+    auto mcCall = std::make_unique<MonteCarloEngine>(numPaths, std::move(processCall), rng);
+    auto mcPut  = std::make_unique<MonteCarloEngine>(numPaths, std::move(processPut),  rng);
+
+    // Instruments (European vanilla) with call and put payoffs
+    Instrument callInstr(T, std::make_unique<CallPayoff>(K), std::move(mcCall));
+    Instrument putInstr(T,  std::make_unique<PutPayoff>(K),  std::move(mcPut));
+
+    const double callPrice = callInstr.price();
+    const double putPrice  = putInstr.price();
+
+    // Ground truth Black–Scholes prices provided
+    const double callGT = 10.450583572;
+    const double putGT  = 5.573526022;
+
+    // Monte Carlo tolerance
+    const double tol = 0.10; // 10 cents tolerance
+
+    ASSERT_NEAR(callPrice, callGT, tol);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(putPrice,  putGT,  tol);
+}